Published
Oct 25, 2024
Updated
Oct 25, 2024

CoqPilot: AI Autopilot for Formal Proofs

CoqPilot, a plugin for LLM-based generation of proofs
By
Andrei Kozyrev|Gleb Solovev|Nikita Khramov|Anton Podkopaev

Summary

Formal verification, a rigorous method for ensuring software correctness, holds immense promise for building safer and more reliable systems, especially in critical domains like aerospace or medicine. But crafting formal proofs, particularly in proof assistants like Coq, is notoriously complex and time-consuming. This is where CoqPilot, a groundbreaking VS Code extension, steps in. Imagine an AI autopilot guiding you through the intricate process of proof construction, automatically filling in the gaps and streamlining the entire verification workflow. CoqPilot leverages the power of Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT and Claude, combined with non-ML techniques, to suggest proof candidates for 'holes' in incomplete Coq proofs. It dynamically retrieves relevant context from existing proofs, providing the LLM with valuable background information. This 'few-shot' learning approach enhances the accuracy and relevance of the generated proofs. What sets CoqPilot apart is its integrated proof-checking mechanism. It interacts with the Coq system to verify generated proofs, ensuring that only valid solutions are presented to the user. CoqPilot doesn’t stop there. If a suggested proof fails, a specialized multi-round interaction with the LLM kicks in, leveraging error messages to refine the proof candidate. This iterative process mirrors a human expert’s approach to proof construction, leading to progressively improved solutions. Benchmarks on a real-world project demonstrate CoqPilot's ability to significantly boost the proof-generation capabilities of LLMs. The combination of multiple LLMs with traditional tools like Tactician and CoqHammer via CoqPilot further amplifies its effectiveness. While the results are impressive, challenges remain. Token limitations of current LLMs restrict the amount of context that can be used. Future work involves optimizing premise selection, refining error-driven refinement strategies, and integrating even more powerful LLMs. CoqPilot represents a significant stride toward democratizing formal verification. By automating the laborious aspects of proof construction, it empowers developers to create provably correct software, paving the way for a future where software bugs in critical systems become a relic of the past.
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Question & Answers

How does CoqPilot's multi-round interaction mechanism work when refining failed proofs?
CoqPilot employs an iterative error-driven refinement process that mimics human expert behavior. When a proof attempt fails, the system: 1) Captures the Coq error message, 2) Feeds this error along with the original context back to the LLM, 3) Generates a refined proof candidate incorporating the error feedback, and 4) Verifies the new proof with Coq. This cycle continues until a valid proof is found or the iteration limit is reached. For example, if an initial proof fails due to missing premises, CoqPilot would analyze the error, identify the required premises, and generate a new proof incorporating these missing elements.
What are the benefits of AI-assisted formal verification for software development?
AI-assisted formal verification makes software development safer and more reliable by automatically checking code correctness. Key benefits include: reduced human error in critical systems, faster development cycles by automating complex proof tasks, and increased accessibility of formal methods to non-expert developers. This technology is particularly valuable in industries like healthcare, aerospace, and financial services, where software bugs can have serious consequences. For example, a medical device manufacturer could use AI-assisted verification to ensure their control software meets all safety requirements with mathematical certainty.
How is AI transforming the future of software reliability and safety?
AI is revolutionizing software reliability by automating complex verification processes that were previously done manually. This transformation enables developers to create more dependable software while reducing development time and costs. The technology particularly benefits critical systems in healthcare, transportation, and infrastructure, where software failures could have severe consequences. For instance, autonomous vehicle manufacturers can use AI-powered verification tools to ensure their navigation systems meet safety standards. This advancement is gradually making formally verified software the norm rather than the exception in critical applications.

PromptLayer Features

  1. Multi-step Workflow Management
  2. CoqPilot's iterative proof refinement process mirrors PromptLayer's multi-step workflow orchestration capabilities
Implementation Details
1. Create workflow template for context retrieval -> LLM generation -> proof verification -> error-based refinement, 2. Configure error handling and retry logic, 3. Set up version tracking for successful proof patterns
Key Benefits
• Reproducible proof generation pipelines • Systematic error handling and refinement • Version control of successful proof patterns
Potential Improvements
• Add parallel proof attempt branches • Implement proof strategy caching • Enhance context selection optimization
Business Value
Efficiency Gains
50-70% reduction in proof development time through automated workflow management
Cost Savings
Reduced compute costs through optimized context selection and caching
Quality Improvement
Higher proof success rates through systematic refinement processes
  1. Testing & Evaluation
  2. CoqPilot's proof verification system aligns with PromptLayer's testing and evaluation capabilities
Implementation Details
1. Configure batch testing for proof generation, 2. Set up regression testing for verified proofs, 3. Implement scoring system for proof quality
Key Benefits
• Automated validation of generated proofs • Quality metrics for proof strategies • Early detection of degradation in proof quality
Potential Improvements
• Add comparative LLM performance analysis • Implement proof complexity metrics • Enhanced error pattern detection
Business Value
Efficiency Gains
80% reduction in manual proof verification time
Cost Savings
Reduced rework through early error detection
Quality Improvement
Consistent proof quality through automated validation

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