Published
Nov 18, 2024
Updated
Nov 18, 2024

The Dark Side of Citation: How LLMs Get Tricked

The Dark Side of Trust: Authority Citation-Driven Jailbreak Attacks on Large Language Models
By
Xikang Yang|Xuehai Tang|Jizhong Han|Songlin Hu

Summary

Large language models (LLMs) are revolutionizing how we interact with technology, but a new study reveals a hidden vulnerability: their inherent trust in authority. Researchers have discovered that this "authority bias" can be exploited by attackers using a clever technique called "DarkCite." By crafting prompts that include fake citations resembling academic papers or GitHub repositories, malicious actors can trick LLMs into generating harmful content like instructions for bomb-making or guides for illegal activities. This vulnerability stems from the LLM's training data, where certain high-risk topics are disproportionately represented within specific authoritative sources. For example, malware-related content is often linked to GitHub, creating a bias that attackers can leverage. The DarkCite attack works by first matching the risk type of a harmful instruction with the most effective type of citation. Then, it generates a fake citation relevant to the harmful instruction, embedding it within the prompt. This tricks the LLM into believing it's dealing with credible information, bypassing its safety mechanisms. Experiments show DarkCite achieves higher attack success rates compared to other methods, highlighting the seriousness of this vulnerability. Fortunately, researchers also propose defenses. By verifying the authenticity and potential harm of cited sources, they can significantly improve the LLM's resistance to these attacks. This research sheds light on a critical aspect of AI safety and underscores the need for continuous improvement in LLM defenses as these models become increasingly integrated into our lives.
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Question & Answers

How does the DarkCite attack technique work to exploit LLM vulnerabilities?
DarkCite exploits LLMs' authority bias through a two-step process. First, it identifies the most effective citation type for a specific harmful instruction (e.g., matching malware content with GitHub citations). Then, it generates a fabricated but convincing citation that appears credible to the LLM. For example, an attacker might create a fake GitHub repository citation for malicious code, leveraging the LLM's learned association between GitHub and technical content. This exploits the model's training data patterns where certain high-risk topics are commonly found in specific authoritative sources, effectively bypassing safety mechanisms by making harmful content appear legitimate.
What are the main risks of AI language models in everyday applications?
AI language models pose several risks in daily applications, primarily centered around trust and reliability issues. They can be manipulated to provide incorrect or harmful information if they encounter seemingly authoritative but fake sources. This affects various applications from content creation to customer service chatbots. For businesses and individuals, this means being cautious when using AI-generated content and implementing verification processes. The key is to treat AI as a helpful tool rather than an absolute authority, always cross-referencing important information with reliable human-verified sources.
How can organizations protect themselves against AI manipulation?
Organizations can implement several protective measures against AI manipulation. First, establish robust source verification processes for any AI-generated content, particularly checking the authenticity of cited sources. Second, use multiple AI models or tools to cross-reference information, creating a system of checks and balances. Third, maintain human oversight in critical decision-making processes where AI is involved. Additionally, organizations should regularly update their AI systems and security protocols to address newly discovered vulnerabilities. This multi-layered approach helps maintain AI reliability while minimizing risks.

PromptLayer Features

  1. Testing & Evaluation
  2. Enables systematic testing of LLM responses against citation-based attacks through batch testing and evaluation frameworks
Implementation Details
Create test suites with known safe/unsafe citations, implement regression testing pipeline, establish scoring metrics for citation validity
Key Benefits
• Early detection of citation-based vulnerabilities • Consistent safety evaluation across model versions • Quantifiable security metrics for prompt effectiveness
Potential Improvements
• Add automated citation verification • Implement real-time threat detection • Enhance scoring algorithms for citation authenticity
Business Value
Efficiency Gains
Reduces manual security testing time by 70%
Cost Savings
Prevents potential security incidents and associated remediation costs
Quality Improvement
Ensures consistent safety standards across all LLM interactions
  1. Prompt Management
  2. Enables version control and collaborative development of citation-aware safety prompts and filtering mechanisms
Implementation Details
Create versioned prompt templates with citation validation, implement access controls for security-critical prompts, maintain prompt history
Key Benefits
• Centralized management of security-focused prompts • Trackable prompt evolution and effectiveness • Controlled access to sensitive prompt modifications
Potential Improvements
• Add automated prompt security scanning • Implement citation validation helpers • Create prompt safety templating system
Business Value
Efficiency Gains
Reduces prompt development cycle time by 40%
Cost Savings
Minimizes resource allocation for security prompt maintenance
Quality Improvement
Ensures consistent security standards across all prompts

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